Q1. What is an allergy? Mention their symptoms.
Ans: The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the environment is called allergy.
Symptoms of allergic reactions include sneezing, watery eyes, running nose and difficulty in breathing.
Q2. List any three characteristics of cancerous cell.
Ans:
The cells divide repeatedly with uncontrolled cell division.
The cancer cells do not require extracellular growth factors.
Cancer cells have lost the property of contact inhibition.
Due to repeated division, cells form a large mass of tissue called tumour.
The cells pass out from the tumour to new sites for forming secondary tumours.
Q3. What is innate immunity? Mention four different types of barriers of innate immunity by giving an example for each.
Ans: Innate immunity is non-specific type of defence, that is present at the time of birth. It consists of four types of barriers. They are,
Physical barriers: Skin on our body, mucus coating of the epithelium lining the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts.
Physiological barriers: Acid in the stomach, saliva in the mouth, tears from eyes.
Cellular barriers: Leukocytes like polymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils) and monocytes.
Cytokine barriers: Interferons.
Q4. Name the diseases caused by the following organisms;
Rhino virus
Epidermophyton
Salmonella typhi
Wuchereria malayi
Plasmodium vivax
Ans:
Rhino virus - Common cold
Epidermophyton - Ringworms
Salmonella typhi - Typhoid
Wuchereria malayi - Filariasis / Elephantiasis
Plasmodium vivax - Malaria
Q5. What are carcinogens? List any two types of carcinogens.
Ans: The cancer-causing agents are called carcinogens.
Carcinogens are of following types:
Chemical agents: Aniline dyes, N-nitrosodimethylamine, benzopyrene, chemicals in cigarette smoke.
Physical agents: Ionising radiations like X-rays and gamma-rays, non-ionising radiations like UV-rays.
Biological agents: Oncogenic viruses, some parasites.
Q6. Define immunity and name two different types of immunity.
Ans: The overall ability of the host to fight the disease-causing organisms is called immunity.
Immunity is of two types:
Innate immunity
Acquired immunity
Q7. Name the different groups of drugs and the plants from which they extract.
Ans:
Opioids (Morphine) - Papaver somniferum.
Cannabinoids - Cannabis sativa.
Coca alkaloids or cocaine - Erythroxylum coca
Q8. List the causes and prevention of alcohol and drugs abuse.
Ans:
Reasons/Causes:
Social pressure.
Curiosity and need for adventure, excitement and experiment.
To escape from stress, depression and frustration.
To overcome hardships of daily life.
Unstable or unsupportive family structure.
Preventive measures:
Avoid undue peer pressure.
Educating and counselling the problems and stresses to avoid disappointments and failures in life.
Seeking help from parents and peers.
Looking for danger signs to take appropriate measures on time.
Seeking professional and medical help whenever required.
Q9. Explain the life cycle of retrovirus (HIV) with a schematic representation.
Ans:
Once the HIV getting into the body of a person, the virus enters the macrophages.
Here, RNA is replicated to form viral DNA by enzyme reverse transcriptase.
The viral DNA now gets incorporated into the host cell's DNA and directs the infected cells to produce viruses.
The macrophages continue to produce virus particles.
The virus particles enter helper T-lymphocytes (TH cells) in the blood, where they continue to replicate and produce viral progenies.
Thus, the number of helper T-lymphocytes progressively decreases in the body of the infected person.
With the decrease in number of T-cells, the immunity also decreases.
Q10. Draw a neat labelled diagram of the structure of an antibody molecule.
Q11. Differentiate between active immunity and passive immunity.
